This study investigates the effect of corrective feedback on Iranian English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners’ interlanguage pragmatic (ILP) development in the context of invitation acceptance and declination. Three intact experimental groups were selected via convenience sampling from an English institute in Tehran: a recast group (N = 13), a metalinguistic group (N = 17), and a clarification request group (N = 12). Prior to the treatment, the groups participated in a dialogic extended discourse pretest. The dialogues for invitation acceptance and declination were drawn from Top Notch, American English File, English Result, and Four Corners. Learners’ performance was assessed using two checklists—one for pragmalinguistic and the other for sociopragmatic knowledge—based on a five-item Likert scale ranging from inappropriate to most appropriate. Treatment sessions were conducted three times per week, each lasting 60 minutes, over a period of one month. The findings reveal that corrective feedback significantly enhanced ILP development. Notably, the metalinguistic group outperformed the recast and clarification request groups. Consequently, metalinguistic corrective feedback proved more effective than recast and clarification feedback in fostering Iranian EFL learners’ ILP development concerning invitation acceptance and declination.

Objectives: Occupation has been used as an essential core of therapy in Occupational therapy (OT) paradigm from its beginning. Besides primary emphasis of OT pioneers; the OT practitioners do not care about using it seriously yet. So, this study was designed to explore the current method of delivering occupational therapy services among Iranian occupational therapists.Materials & Methods: The qualitative conventional content analysis with purposeful sampling method was used in this study. 14 occupational therapists participated in this study. Semi structured interviews were used for data gathering. The data gathering continued until reaching data saturation. The interviews were analyzed through constant comparative analysis using MAXQDA 2007 software.Results: The interviews analysis revealed 66 codes that resulted to six sub themes and three themes including: Occupation based OT (occupation based assessment and planning –hard working circumstances for occupation based therapists), technique based OT (inattention to occupation based practice top down approach to assessment and planning-inattention to client-centered practice) and combined occupation and techniques based OT (assessment and planning with combined approach) Conclusion: It seems that the Iranian occupational therapists have deviated from their philosophical paradigm (occupation based practice) and tended to technique based OT. Lots of possible reasons such as contextual barriers, non-acceptance from clients’ perspective and educational challenges are considered in this issue. Therefore, the policy makers ought to plan and supervise to solve these challenges and to facilitate implementing occupation based practice.

This research examines the historical foundations and origins of Aryanist and Iran declination theories and the role did play Gobineau in this regard. The hypothesis of the article is that this viewpoint is rooted in the specific theories of de Gobineau about the history of ancient Iran and has continued and devolved through in many writers up to the second half of Reza Shah reign. The aim of this study is to show in a descriptive-analytical method that Aryanist attitude towards the history of Iran in the first half of the nineteenth century was proportional to the political situation of that period, and especially a reaction to Iran's defeats in the two rounds wars with Russia. With the rise of the Nazis in Germany and the slogans on Aryanism, Gobineau's point of views once again gained support in interpreting the historical developments of pre-Islamic history of Iran. This study discusses the historical contexts of the formation of the Aryan school in the interpretation of Iranian history and evaluates its continuity and development, also this study examines one of the consequences of this theory, that is the theory of decline of Iran.

The leadership of Infallible Imams is divided into two periods: the presence (of Imam’s) period and the Occultation period (the absence of Imam’s period). Each of these periods has characteristics distinct from the other one. One of the characteristics of the presence (of Imam’s) period is the availability of all backgrounds in guiding people to the truth and avoiding diversions and detours, and after this period, in the absence of Imam, the backgrounds for the emergence and spread of divergent currents have extended. Of course, it did not last long before most of the vicious flows and false claimants were annihilated like the sea floor and became history because of all the inward and outward guidance of the absent Imam, the select representative of Imam and the efforts of religious scholars. This paper is an answer to the question that what factors affect the process of formation and destruction of divergent branches of Shi’ite and what consequences they had. Reviewing and evaluating the three groups- predisposing factors, continuation and declination and finally consequences- has formed the basis of this paper.

Fatemian from 297 to 567 reigned in two parts of northern Africa; first in Maghreb and then in Egypt. Fatemian most important religious and advertising responsibility was invitation; thereby they could develop their religious authority and leadership in the whole Islamic world. One factor of their success was the presence of all classes of society in their institution among them woman society. Their view about women presence as missionaries compared with other religious sects was different. This difference in view led to a relatively extreme cooperation of women presence in religious and political scenes in Fatemian period. Women in Fatemian period could achieve the highest faithful position which has been very rare in other sects and ruler ships. This study strives to investigate about women position in Fatemian invitation institution at Maghreb and Egypt and search to find the background factors of women’ s presence in religious and advertising institution. Beside, this essay tries to state the differences between womens’ position in Fatemian invitation and women’ s position in other sects and ruler ships.

This article is based on analyses of different methods of Prophet Mohammad to invite people to Islam which was his mission. Also we want to realize his impression to people. we can conclude that by considering the different aspects of invitation with chronological and local factors, the most principal characteristic of invitation of our prophet is his personality which is unique and special; and also his kindness, good behavior which were clear for everyone even before his Prophetic mission and after Prophetic mission in Mecca and Medina, so that people were attracted to him and his religion.

Three out of five Aristotlian Arts are argument, rhetoric, and dialectic. These are glossed by Aristotle and Muslim logicians accurately in respect of matter, form, end, and conclusion. The ways of Quranic invition are asserted as wisdom (Hikmat), good instruction (Mau izah Hasana) and best dialectic (Jidal Ahsan), respectively. The meaning of these words are obvious according to Quranic tradition. The three mentioned ways have been counted as equal to these three Aristotlian arts by some Muslim logicians and some interpreters of Quran: Some have counted them as perfectly correspondent and some have counted partially correspondent – especially for the goodness of instruction and bestness of dialectic – The logicians’ and interpreters’ viewpoints are quoted and critisised in this article, and concluded that wisdom is the argument in respect of logical structure – and not with other respects – best dialectic partially corresponds with Aristotlian dialectic, and good instruction is in no relation with rhetoric.

The relationship between reason and faith with each other and Interaction of believers of religions to Reason Has long been thought to discuss and debate various groups. Because On the one hand, it seems to be some believers that might just have a look all their attention solely on the teachings of the scriptures and in addition to any other source of inspiration ignore. On the other hand, some people, accuse the religions and scriptures to be opposition contrary to reason. Although appropriate responses at different times by Muslim scholars in both perspectives is; However, in this article we trying to look at Particular attention of the Imam Ali (AS) as One of the most prominent followers and commentators in this regard.Light on the precise words of Imam in Nahj-al-Balaghe and even other resources, Obtained that both the foregoing is false and inexpressive look and this great Imam have Special Account and special attention to the reasoning and being believer-based reasoning.